Bigger. Stronger. Faster. These are the goals of athletes of all abilities, competitive to weekend warrior. Volumes of information and products to enhance sports performance exist — many touting amazing results and guaranteed improvement. Age-old claims of athletic prowess derived from eating specific animal products to more recent claims of ergogenic aids have led to a flourishing supplement industry that promises athletes the prized competitive edge.

As money changes hands, let the buyer beware: there is a lack of significant research to support the effectiveness of many of these supplements, and many are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Performance enhancement (ergogenic) aids to improve sports performance are not new. From the most benign—sports drinks and vitamins—to the most dangerous, steroids, supplement use is an accepted means of performance enhancement. It is because of this that it's necessary to cautiously approach supplements and consider research with a keen eye.

Popular supplements include:

• Carnitine (or L-Carnitine) is a naturally occurring substance that helps to move fat molecules into the human cell where they are broken down and used for energy. Promotional claims state carnitine as an oral supplement helps to move more fat into the cell, making more energy vailable for enhanced athletic performance. Scientific research do not substantiate the claims.
• Chromium picolinate is another ergogenic aid. Chromium is a naturally occurring trace mineral that the body uses with insulin to break down sugars for use by the human cell. Chromium studies are confusing. Some point to increased rates of fat burning and weight loss while other more rigorous studies have not substantiated these results.
• Users of creatine, one of the most recognized supplements, claim it enhances performance. For a brief time, results looked promising. Creatine is a molecule involved in energy production. Research shows that creatine reduces accumulation of lactic acid, a by-product of anaerobic activity resulting in fatigue and increased body mass. Some studies show creatine may enhance short-term performance, but have not demonstrated significant improvement in endurance sports. Caution is warranted, as the long-term effects of creatine remain unknown. The Minnesota High School Athletic Association banned its use until further research can demonstrate safety.
• Anabolic steroids are another class of ergogenic aid and have been available for some time. Exhaustive research indicates significant damage to the body's systems with long-term use. Despite known risks, some athletes continue to use steroids.
  Adolescent steroid use was recently investigated with some surprising results. Young athletes use steroids for many reasons, including enhanced appearance and strength. One study found that anabolic steroidal use is associated with the use of such substances as cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, tobacco products and alcohol. In another study, data suggests that high school athletes believe steroids will improve performance with little or no health risks. Study authors suggest that new generations of young athletes require further education about the risks and benefits of steroids.
  

While these products are the most popular with athletes, they don't adequately represent the wide-ranging marketplace. Literature review of these performance supplements reveals a recurring theme: there is little research to support product claims. Existing research remains unpublished or is poorly designed, resulting in confusion and misinformation. Through the years, research has shown that a balanced diet, adequate hydration, rest, and sports-specific training are best for optimal performance.

For more information or resources, call Minnesota Sports Medicine at 612-273-4800.